FUMITORY
� FUMARIA OFFICINALIS. L
A Modern Herbal � Mrs. M. Grieve. F.R.H.S.
Compiled by Ivor Hughes
1. United States Dispensatory 1926
.Fumaria. Fumaria officinalis L. Fumitory. Beggary. Fumeterre, Fr. Erdrauch, Feldraute, G. (Fam. Fumariaceae.} � A small annual European plant, naturalized in this country, growing in waste places, and flowering from May to August. It was formerly considerably employed as a medicine, and is still used in Europe.
The leaves are the official part. They are dissected, compound, inodorous, have a bitter, saline taste, and are very succulent, yielding by expression a juice which has the sensible and medicinal properties of the plant. An extract, prepared by evaporating the expressed juice or a decoction of the leaves, throws out upon its surface a copious saline efflorescence. Fumaric acid, C4H4O4, was early identified as present, and its isomerism with maleic acid, the acid obtained from malic acid by heat, was established later.
The alkaloid fumarine first discovered by Peschier was at one time believed to be identical with corydaline but according to Dankwortt (A. Pharm., col, p. 590) is protopine. (See also Adermann, A. J. P., 1890, 396.) Fumitory has been considered gently tonic, alterative, and, in large doses, laxative and diuretic.
It has been used in scurvy and various hepatic disorders. Cullen gave two fluidounces (60 cc.) of the expressed juice twice a day. Others have prescribed ; in much larger quantities. The leaves, either fresh or dried, may be used in decoction or extract, in almost indefinite dose. The inspissated juice has also been employed.
FUMITORY Fumaria officinalis (LINN.)
N.O. Fumariaceae
Synonyms. Earth Smoke. Beggary. Fumus. Vapor. Nidor. Fumus Terrae. Fumiterry. Scheiteregi. Taubenkropp. Kaphnos. Wax DollsPart Used. Herb
Habitat. Europe and America. Parts of Asia, Australia and South Africa
Description. A small annual plant, a common weed in many parts of Europe, including Britain, and naturalized in the United States.
The Fumitories, of which Corydalis and Fumaria are the only two fully British genera, are distinguished in the Order of Fumariaceae by having one of the petals swollen or spurred at the base, and a one-seeded capsule which does not open. The name is said to be derived either from the fact that its whitish, blue-green colour gives it the appearance of smoke rising from the ground, or, according to Pliny, because the juice of the plant brings on such a flow of tears that the sight becomes dim as with smoke, and hence its reputed use in affections of the eye.
According to the ancient exorcists, when the plant is burned, its smoke has the power of expelling evil spirits, it having been used for this purpose in the famous geometrical gardens of St. Gall. There is a legend that the plant was produced, not from seed, but from vapours arising out of the earth.
The herb is small and slender, with weak, straggling, or climbing stems, decompound leaves, and clusters or spikes of small flowers of a pinkish hue, topped with purple, or more rarely, white. The leaves have no odour, but taste bitter and saline. The plant flowers almost throughout the summer in fields, gardens, and on banks, and in ditches, spreading with great rapidity. At Mudgee, in New South Wales, it was reported to have smothered a wheat crop. Shakespeare makes several references to the herb. An interesting peculiarity is that it is very seldom visited by insects. It is self-fertile, and sets every seed. The flowers are used to make a yellow dye for wool.
Constituents. The leaves yield by expression a juice which has medicinal properties. An extract, prepared by evaporating the expressed juice, or a decoction of the leaves, throws out upon its surface a copious saline efflorescence. Fumaric acid was early identified as present, and its isomerism with maleic acid was established later. The alkaloid Fumarine has been believed to be identical with corydaline, but it differs both in formula and in its reaction to sulphuric and nitric acids. It occurs in colourless, tasteless crystals, freely soluble in chloroform, less so in benzine, still less so in alcohol and ether, sparingly soluble in water.
Medicinal Action and Uses. A weak tonic, slightly diaphoretic, diuretic, and aperient; valuable in all visceral obstructions, particularly those of the liver, in scorbutic affections, and in troublesome eruptive diseases, even those of the leprous order. A decoction makes a curative lotion for milk-crust on the scalp of an infant. Physicians and writers from Dioscorides to Chaucer, and from the fourteenth century to Cullen and to modern times value its purifying power. The Japanese make a tonic from it. Cows and sheep eat it, and the latter are said to derive great benefit from it. The leaves, in decoction or extract, may be used in almost any doses. The inspissated juice has also been employed, also a syrup, powder, cataplasm, distilled water, and several tinctures.
French and German physicians still prefer it to most other medicines as a purifier of the blood; while sometimes the dried leaves are smoked in the manner of tobacco, for disorders of the head. Dr.Cullen, among its good effects in cutaneous disorders, mentions the following:
'There is a disorder of the skin, which, though not attended with any alarming symptoms of danger to the life of the patient, is thought to place the empire of beauty in great jeopardy; the complaint is frequently brought on by neglecting to use a parasol, and may be known by sandy spots, vulgarly known as freckles, scattered over the face. Now, be it known to all whom it may concern, that the infusion of the leaves of the above-described plant is said to be an excellent specific for removing these freckles and clearing the skin; and ought, we think, to be chiefly employed by those who have previously removed those moral blemishes which deform the mind, or degrade the dignity of a reasonable and an immortal being.'
Dosage.
Of Fumarine, ⅓ or � of a grain is moderately excitant; 3 grains are first irritant, then sedative. Of the expressed juice, 2 fluid ounces or more, twice a day. Of fluid extract, � to 1 drachm. For dyspepsia, 2 oz. of the flowers and tops may be macerated in 3 pints of Madeira wine, and taken twice a day in doses of 2 to 4 fluid ounces. Fluid extract, � to 1 drachm.Old Recipes and Prescriptions.
The Liquid Juice four or five spoonfuls in the morning, fasting, with
a glass of white Port wine. It purges a little downwards, but more
especially if mixed with an infusion of Senna in wine. It purifies the blood
from salt, choleric, or viscous humours, and strengthens all the Viscera,
not leaving any evil quality behind it.
The Essence has all the virtues of the former, but is more efficacious. A safe remedy also against adult choler and melancholy or obstructions which are the cause of choleric and putrid fevers, jaundice, Strangury of Urine through Gravel, Sand, or Viscous Matter, all of which it expels in abundance.
Dose
, 5 or 6 spoonfuls in white wine or clarified whey.The Syrup. Whether made of the juice or green herb, has all the virtue, but is weaker in operation, and therefore ought to be given mixed with the Syrup of Damask Roses or Peach Blossoms, or Tincture of Senna. Very effectual against Jaundice, Dropsy, and Gout; and is a most singular thing against hypochondriack melancholy in any person whatsoever.
The Decoction in Water or Wine. Weaker than the above, and 6 to 8 oz. may be given in the morning, fasting.
The Powder of the Dried Herb. A drachm, with half a drachm of Powder of Esula Root, and given in 5 or 6 spoonfuls of the essence of juice, causes vomiting and cleanses the stomach and bowels, effectual against Dropsy, Scurvy, Jaundice, Gout and Rheumatism; but because it stirs up much wind, should be corrected with a few drops of oil of Anise or Fennel Seed, or with the Powder of the same.
The Collurium. 3 ounces of Juice or Essence of Fumitory, mixed with one ounce each of distilled Water of Fumitory, and honey. An excellent thing against sores, inflamed, running and watery Eyes. Also a healing Gargle. Drops in the Eyes clear the sight and take away redness. If the Juice be mixed with equal parts of Juice of Sharp-pointed Docks and Wine Vinegar, and a contaminated Skin be washed therewith, it cures it of Scabs, Itch, Wheals, Pimples, Scurf, etc.
The Distilled Water has the virtues of the Juice, but is much weaker, and may be used as a Vehicle for any of the other Preparations. Taken with good Venice Treacle, it is good against Plague, driving forth the Malignity by sweat.
The Spirituous Tincture is good against Plague, Fevers, Colic, and
Griping of the Guts, whether in Young or Old.
The Acid Tincture is an excellent Anti-scorbutick, good against Vapors and Tumors which cause fiery Eruptions. Causes a good Appetite and a strong Digestion. To be given in all the patient drinks, so many drops as may give the Liquor a grateful or pleasant acidity, and to be continued for some time.
The Saline Tincture cures Scabs, Pimples, Leprosy, etc., by bathing or well washing the parts affected therewith, as hot as can be endured, and continuing for some considerable time.
The Powder of the Seed. Stronger than the Powder of the Herb, prevalent against the Dropsy, being given daily with 10 to 12 grains of Scammony. A drachm of the simple powder, morning and night, especially in an infusion of Senna, may do wonders in Melancholy.
Other Fumitories.
American Fumitory (Fumaria Indica, or Codder Indian) of Virginia and
Canada has the virtues of Common Fumitory, but is more bitter and more
powerful. The tuberous American or Indian Fumitory is much weaker. Bulbous
Fumitory, so-called, is Adoxa Meschatellina, and belongs to the Octandria
class.
The Lyre Flower of Japan and Siberia (Dicentra or F. spectabilis) belongs to the Fumitory Order.
F. cucullaria (Naked- talked Fumitory) is a native of Canada.
F. fungosa (Spongy-flowered Fumitory) is a native of North America.
F. mobilis (Great-flowered Fumitory) is a native of Siberia.
F. sempervirens (Glaucous Fumitory) is a native of North America.
F. lutea (Yellow Fumitory) is a native of Barbary.
F. Sibirica (Siberian Fumitory) is a native of Siberia.
F. capnoides (White-flowered Fumitory) is a native of South Europe.
F. enneaphylla (White-flowered Fumitory) is a native of Spain and Italy.
F. capreolata (Ramping Fumitory) is a native of Provence, Silesia and Britain.
F. spicula (Narrow-leaved Fumitory) is a native of Spain, Portugal, Italy, and France.
F. claviculata (Climbing Fumitory) is a native of Southern Europe and Britain.
F. vesicaria (Bladdered Fumitory) is a native of the Cape of Good Hope.
F. parviflora (Small-flowered Fumitory) is a native of hot countries. Rare in Britain.
F. densiflora is a native of Southern Europe and Britain.
Some of these differences may merely be due to situation. In ancient history they are all included among medicinal species.
Editors Note.
Some years ago I kept 2 Saanen milking goats. When they had kidded down (gave birth) I would always offer an armful of fresh picked wild herbs. Both Does would first nose the herbs, and would invariably first delicately pick out the Fumitory, which was eaten with relish before eating any of the others. In the European tradition the Goat is known as the Herbalist of the Animal World. By observation I am convinced that is correct. This is a most splendid herb which should be part of every Herbalists grab bag.Did you find what you were seeking ? If not use the site search box at the top right hand of the page or else peruse the Site library.
