Vegetable
Expectorants. Martindale�s
24th.
Compiled
and edited by Ivor Hughes
-::-
IPECACUANHA
and other VEGETABLE EXPECTORANTS
Ipecacuanha (B.P., I.P.).
Ipecac.; Ipecacuanha Root; Brechwurzel.
Foreign Pharmacopeias: In all pharmacopoeias examined except Chin.
Chil., Mex., and
U.S.
specify not less than 2% of ether-soluble alkaloids.
The dried root, or rhizome and root, of Cephaelis ipecacuanha (= Uragoga
ipecacuanha) (Rubiaceae), known in commerce as Rio or Brazilian
ipecacuanha, and cultivated in Brazil, Selangor, Bengal and Burma, or of
C. acuminata, known as Cartagena, Nicaragua or Panama ipecacuanha,
cultivated in Colombia and Costa Rica; or it may be a mixture of both
species. Good samples contain 2 to 3% of total alkaloids, the principal
alkaloids being emetine and cepha�line. In
Rio
ipecacuanha 50 to 70% of the total alkaloid is emetine, and in
Cartagena
about 20 to 40% is emetine.
Rio
,
Matto Grosso, Minas and Manaos varieties come from
Brazil
;
Indian and Johore come from
Burma
and
Malaya
;
Cartagena
,
Nicaragua
and
Panama
come chiefly from
Central
America
.
The B.P. specifies not less
than 2% of total alkaloids, calculated as emetine. I.P.
specifies not less than 2% of total alkaloids of which not less than 60%
consists of non-phenolic alkaloids. Note.
When Ipecacuanha, Ipecacuanha Pulvis or Powdered Ipecacuanha is
prescribed, Prepared Ipecacuanha must be dispensed.
Uses.
In small doses ipecacuanha is an expectorant, but large doses are irritant
to the gastric mucosa and produce vomiting and diarrhoea. It is employed
in small doses as an expectorant in acute bronchitis when the sputum is
scanty, and it gives relief in the dry cough of laryngitis and tracheitis.
It is well tolerated by children. Combined with opium, as in Dover's
powder, it is of value as a diaphoretic in the early stages of febrile
affections and especially for aborting incipient colds. Larger doses are
used for their emetic action and although this is somewhat slow, not
taking effect for 20 to 30 minutes, the drug is probably the safest of the
emetics. Powdered ipecacuanha was formerly employed in the treatment of
amoebic dysentery but has been replaced by the salts of emetine.
Prepared
Ipecacuanha (B.P., Ind.P.).
Ipecacuanha Pulverata; Pulvis Ipecacuanhae Radicis
Standardisatus (I.P., Egyp. P.).
Dose:
30 to 120 mg. ( � to 2 grains); as an emetic,
1 to 2 g. (15 to 30 grains).
Powdered
ipecacuanha adjusted with exhausted ipecacuanha or powdered lactose to
contain 2% of total alkaloids, calculated as emetine, of which I.P. and
Egyp. P. specify not less than 60% consists of
non-phenolic alkaloids, calculated as emetine. Protect from moisture in a
cool place.
Extracts:
Extractum
Ipecacuanha (Fr. P.).
A firm alcoholic extract containing 6 to 8% of
total alkaloids. Max. single
dose: 300 mg. (5 grains).
Cz. P., Pol. P., and Swiss P. include a dry extract containing 2% of total
alkaloids.
Ipecac
Fluidextract (U.S.P., Mex. P.). A liquid extract containing 2%
w/v of ether-soluble alkaloids. Usual dose: 0'5 ml. (8 minims);
range: 0'5 to 1 ml.
Liquid
Extract of Ipecacuanha (B.P.,
Ind.
P.).
Ext. Ipecac. Liq.
Prepared by percolation with alcohol (80%) and adjusted to contain 2% w/v
of total alkaloids; about 1/25 gr. in 2 m.
Dose:
0-03 to 0-12 ml. ( �to 2 minims); emetic dose:
0-6 to 2ml. (10 to 30 minims).
Linctus:
Linct. Ipecac,
c. Scill. pro Inf. (B.N.F.).
"Ipecacuanha
and Squill Linctus for Infants.
Tincture of ipecacuanha 2 m., tincture of Squill 2
m., compound spirit of orange 1/8 m., syrup of blackcurrant 30 m., syrup
to 60 m.
Dose:
4 ml. (60 minims). The B.N.F. directs that this linctus be dispensed when
Mist. Tuss. Rubra pro Inf. is prescribed.
Lozenges:
Troch. Ipecac. (B.P.C.
1949). Lozenges of Ipecacuanha.
Each contains � gr. of prepared ipecacuanha in simple basis (about 1/200
gr of total alkaloids).
Mixtures:
Alkaline
Mixture of Ipecacuanha (B.P.C.).
Mist. Ipecac. Alk.
(B.N.F.).;
Mist. Expect. Alk. Tincture of ipecacuanha 20
m., sodium bicarbonate 10 gr., ammonium bicarbonate 3 gr., chloroform
water to 1/2 fl. oz.
Dose:
15 ml. ( � fl. oz.).
Mist. Ipecac. Ammon.
pro Inf. (B.N.F.). Tincture of
ipecacuanha 2� m., ammonium bicarbonate � gr, sodium bicarbonate 2 gr.,
syrup of tolu 10 m., anise water to 60 m.
Dose:
4 ml. (60 minims).
Mist. Ipecac. Ammon.
pro Infant. (N.W.F. 1947).
Tincture of ipecacuanha 2� m., ammonium bicarbonate � gr., sodium
bicarbonate 3 gr., syrup 10 m., caraway water
to 60 m.
Dose:
4 ml. (60 minims).
Mist. Ipecac, et Bellad. pro
Infant. (N.W.F. 1947).
Tincture of ipecacuanha 2� m, tincture of belladonna
4 m., syrup 10 m., water to 60 m.
Dose:
4 ml. (60 minims).
Mist. Ipecac, et Codein. (N.F.
1955). Tincture of
ipecacuanha 10 m., codeine phosphate � gr., camphorated tincture of opium
30 m., syrup of tolu 30 m., chloroform water to � fl oz.
Dose:
15 ml. ( � fl. oz.). The N.F. 1955 directs
that this mixture be dispensed when Mist. Pectoral.
Sed. is prescribed.
Mixture
of Ipecacuanha and Morphine (B.P.C.). Mist.
Ipecac, et Morph. (B.N.F.); Mist. Morph. et Ipecac.;
Mist. Tuss. Nig. Tincture of ipecacuanha 5 m.,
tincture of chloroform and morphine 10m., liquid extract of liquorice
15m., water to � fl. oz. It contains in � fl.
oz. about 1/65 gr of anhydrous morphine.
Dose:
15 ml. ( �.fl.oz.).
Mixture
of Ipecacuanha for Infants (B.P.C.).
Mist. Ipecac, pro Inf. (B.N.F.); Mist. Tuss. pro Inf.
Tincture of ipecacuanha 2� m., sodium bicarbonate 2 gr., syrup of tolu 15
m., liquid extract of liquorice 5 rn., anise water to 60 m.
Dose:
4
to 8
ml. (60 to 120 minims). The B.N.F. directs that when Mist.
Ipecac. Opiat. pro
Inf. is prescribed, Mist. Ipecac, pro Inf. containing camphorated tincture
of opium, 2� m. in each 60 m., be dispensed.
Powders
Powder
of Ipecacuanha and Opium (B.P., Egyp.
P.,
Ind.
P.). Pulv. Ipecac, et
Opii; Ipecac and Opium Powder (U.S.N.F.);
Dover's Powder; Compound Ipecacuanha Powder. Prepared ipecacuanha 10 g,,
powdered opium 10 g., lactose 80 g. It contains 1% of anhydrous morphine.
Dose: 300 to 600 mg. (5 to 10 grains). Many foreign pharmacopoeias include
a similar powder, sometimes with potassium sulphate or with equal parts of
potassium nitrate and potassium sulphate in place of lactose; max.
single dose 1 to 1 -5 g. and max. in
24 hours
4
to 6
g.
Syrup
Ipecac
Syrup (U.S.P.).
Ipecac fluidextract 7 ml., glycerin 10
ml., syrup to 100 ml. Usual dose (emetic): 8 ml. (120 minims).
Tablets
Tablets
of Ipecacuanha and Opium (B.P.,
Ind.
P.).
Tab. Ipecac, et Opii (B.N.F.);
Dover's Powder Tablets. Unless otherwise specified tablets each containing
5 grains of powder of ipecacuanha and opium are supplied.
Tinctures
and Wines
Tinctura
Ipecacuanhas (I.P.).
Prepared by percolation with alcohol (70%) and adjusted to contain 0-2%
w/v of total alkaloids of which not less than 60% consists of non-phenolic
alkaloids. A similar tincture is included in many foreign pharmacopoeias.
Tincture
of Ipecacuanha (B.P.,
Ind.
P.). Tinct. Ipecac. Liquid extract
of ipecacuanha 5 ml., dilute acetic acid 1.65 ml., alcohol (90%) 21 ml.,
glycerin 20 ml., distilled water to 100 ml. Set aside for not less than 24
hours and filter. It contains 0-1 % w/v of total alkaloids; about 1/30th
gr. in 30 m.
Dose:
0-6 to 2 ml. (10 to 30 minims); emetic dose: 15 to 30 ml. (
� to 1 fl. oz.).
Note:
When Ipecacuanha Wine or Vinum Ipecacuanhas is prescribed, Tincture of
Ipecacuanha is dispensed.
Vinum
Ipecacuanha; (B.P.
1914).
Ipecacuanha Wine.
Liquid extract of
ipecacuanha 5 ml., and
sherry 95 ml. Set aside for 48 hours and filter.
Dose:
0-6 to 2 ml. (10 to 30 minims); emetic dose: 15 to 24 ml. (240 to 360
minims).
Vinegar
Acet.
Ipecac. (B.P.C. 1949).
Vinegar of Ipecacuanha. Liquid extract of
ipecacuanha 5 ml., alcohol (90%) 10 ml., dilute
acetic acid 60 ml., water to 100 ml. Allow to stand 48 hours and filter.
Dose: 0-6 to 2 ml. (10 to 30 minims).
Other
Vegetable Expectorants.
Adhatoda
(B.P.C. 1949). Adhat.; Arusha;
Vasaka (
Ind.
P.).
Dose:
1 to 2 g. (15 to 30 grains).
The fresh or dried leaves
of Adhatoda vasica (Acanthaceae).
It contains a bitter crystalline alkaloid, vasicine (peganine), and an
organic acid, adhatodic acid.
Uses.
It is used in
India
as
an expectorant; in large doses it is irritant
and causes vomiting and diarrhoea. It is usually employed as a liquid
extract or syrup. The dried leaves have been smoked in cigarettes for the
relief of asthma.
Liquid
Extract of Vasaka (
Ind.
P.). Ext. Vasak. Liq.;
Liquid Extract of Adhatoda. 1 in 1; prepared by percolation with
alcohol (60%).
Dose:
1 to 2 ml. (15 to 30 minims). The
Indian Pharmacopoeial List, 1946, included a 2 in 1 liquid extract
with the same dose as the above extract.
Syrup
of Vasaka (
Ind.
P.). Syr.
Vasak.; Syrup of Adhatoda.
Liquid extract of vasaka 50 ml., glycerin 10
ml., syrup to 100 ml.
Dose:
2
to 4
ml. (30 to 60 minims).
Angelica. Archangelica.
Dose:
0-6 to 2 g. (10 to 30 grains).
The dried ripe fruits or
the dried rhizome and roots of Angelica archangelica (Umbelliferae).
Both the fruits (Angelica Fructus) and the rhizome and roots (Angelica;
Radix) were included in the B.P.C.
1934. The fruits contain about 1% and the rhizome and roots about 0-3
to 1 % of volatile oil.
Foreign
Pharmacopoeias: Belg., Cz. Fr.,
Ger.
,
and Swiss include the rhizome and roots. Fr. also includes the leaf.
Uses.
Angelica has diaphoretic and expectorant properties. It is administered as
a powder or as an infusion (1 in 20).
Cocillana
(B.P.C.).
Cocill.; Grape Bark; Guapi Bark; Huapi Bark.
Dose: 0.5 to 1 g. (8 to 15 grains).
The
dried bark of Guarea rusbyi (Meliaceae) containing not less than 3.5 % of
alcohol (60%)-soluble extractive.
Uses.
Cocillana is stated to equal ipecacuanha in expectorant properties and to
be, in addition, laxative. Large doses are emetic. It is administered as
liquid extract or syrup, frequently with other expectorants.
Liquid
Extract of Cocillana (B.P.C.). Ext. Cocillan. Liq. 1 in 1; prepared by
percolation with alcohol (60%).
Dose:
0-3 to 1 ml. (5 to 15 minims).
Syr.
Cocillan.
Co.
(B.P.C. 1949).
Compound Syrup of Cocillana. Liquid extract of
cocillana 1 m., liquid extract of euphorbia 2� m., liquid extract of
senega � m., liquid extract of squill � m., antimony potassium tartrate
1/128 gr., codeine phosphate ⅛ gr., menthol 1/96 gr., spirit of
chloroform 2⅛ m., water 3� m., glycerin 10 m., syrup to 60 m.
Dose:
2
to 4
ml. (30 to 60 minims).
Eriodictyon
(B.P.C. 1934, U.S.N.F.). Eriodict.; Yerba Santa;
Mountain Balm.
Dose:
1 to 4 g. (15 to 60 grains). The dried leaves of Eriodictyon californicum (
= E. glutinosum) (Hydrophyllaceae). It has an aromatic odour and a
balsamic bitter taste which becomes sweetish and slightly acrid. Uses.
Eriodictyon has been used as a bitter and as an expectorant. It has the
property of masking the taste of quinine and many other bitter drugs and
it is chiefly used for this purpose, usually in the form of an
aromatic syrup.
Aromatic
Eriodictyon Syrup (U.S.N.F.).
Syrupus Corrigens. Eriodictyon fluidextract 3.2 ml., potassium hydroxide
solution (1 in 20) 2.5 ml., compound cardamom tincture 6.5 ml., sassafras
oil 0.05 ml., lemon oil 0.05 ml., clove oil 0.1 ml., alcohol 3.2 ml.,
sucrose 80 g., magnesium carbonate 500 mg., water to 100 ml.
Usual dose: 8 ml. (120 minims).
Eriodictyon
Fluidextract (U.S.N.F.).
Yerba Santa Fluidextract. 1 in 1; prepared by
percolation with a mixture of alcohol 4 vol. and water 1 vol.
Dose:
1 to 4 ml. (15 to 60 minims).
Euphorbia
(B.P.C.,
Ind.
P.C.). Euphorb.;
Euphorbia Herb; Euphorbia Pilulifera; Australian Snake Weed; Cat's Hair.
The
dried entire plant of Euphorbia hirta ( =E,
pilulifera) (Euphorbiaceae) containing not less than 16% of alcohol
(45%)-soluble extractive.
Uses. It has been used in the form of a liquid extract
or tincture in the treatment of coughs and asthma.
Ext.
Euphorb. Liq. (B.P.C. 1949). Liquid Extract of
Euphorbia. 1 in 1; prepared by percolation with alcohol (45%).
Dose:
0.12 to 0.3 ml. (2 to 5 minims).
Tinct.
Euphorb. (B.P.C. 1923). Tincture of
Euphorbia. 1 in 5; prepared by percolation with alcohol (60%).
Dose: 0-6 to 2 ml. (10 to 30 minims).
Note.
Euphorbium
(B.P.C. 1934, Belg. P., Fr. P.,
Ger.
P., Jug. P., Span. P., Swiss P.)
is the dried latex from the stem of Euphorbia
resinifera. It is emetic and powerfully purgative but it is not used
internally on account of its violent action and its tendency to cause
acute nephritis. The powder is violently sternutatory.
Externally, it acts as a vesicant and was used for this purpose in
veterinary medicine.
Grindelia
(B.P.C. 1949).
Grindel.; Grindelia Robusta; Gum Plant; Gumweed; Tar Weed. The dried leaves
and flowering tops of the field gumweed, Grindelia camporum (Composite)
containing not less than 20% of alcohol (90%)-soluble extractive. Store
in a cool dry place. Foreign Pharmacopoeias: In Fr. and Span. In
U.S.N.F. which allows also the dried leaves and flowering tops of the
marsh gumweed, G. humilis, and of the curly-cup gumweed, G. squarrosa.
Uses.
Grindelia has expectorant properties and has been said to exert an
antispasmodic effect. It is used in the treatment of asthma and bronchitis
and it has also been used in cystitis and in catarrh of the genito-urinary
tract. Large doses sometimes cause renal irritation. It is administered as
a liquid extract; its nauseous taste may be masked with chloroform or
glycerin.
Ext.
Grindel. Liq. (B.P.C. 1949). Liquid Extract of
Grindelia. Grindelia 100 g. is exhausted by percolation with
alcohol (90%), the alcohol is removed by distillation and the residue is
dissolved in water 50 ml. to which 10 g. of sodium bicarbonate has
previously been added; after effervescence has ceased, the solution is
adjusted to 100 ml. with alcohol (90%) and filtered.
Dose:
0-6 to 1-2 ml. (10 to 20 minims).
Grindelia
Fluidextract (U.S.N.F.).
1 in 1; prepared by percolation with a mixture of
alcohol 3 vol. and water 1 vol.
Usual
dose:
2 ml. (30 minims).
Mist. Grindeliae (N.F. 1939). Liquid
extract of grindelia 10 m., ethereal tincture of lobelia 7� m., tincture
of belladonna 5 m., liquid extract of liquorice 10 m., mucilage of acacia
30 m., chloroform water to � fl. oz.
Dose:
15 ml. (� fl. oz.).
Horehound
(B.P.C. 1949).
Marrubium; Marrub.; Hoarhound; White Horehound; Marrubii Herba (Hung. P.).
Dose:
1 to 2 g. (15 to 30 grains).
The dried leaves and
flowering tops of Marrubium vulgare (Labiatae). Store in a cool dry place.
Uses.
Horehound is expectorant and, in large doses, laxative. It may be
administered as an infusion or syrup.
Inf.
Marrub. Conc. (B.P.C. 1934). Concentrated
Infusion of Horehound. Macerate horehound 40 g. with alcohol (25%)
100 ml. for 48 hours, press, add alcohol (25%) 40 ml. to the pressed marc,
macerate for 24 hours and press. Mix the
liquids from the two pressings, allow to stand for at
least 14 days, and filter.
Dose:
2
to 4
ml. (30 to 60 minims).
Syr.
Marrub. (B.P.C. 1949). Syrup of
Horehound. Cover horehound 42.5 g. with boiling water and digest on
a water-bath for one hour; strain, press, evaporate on a water-bath to
about 45 ml., cool, and filter; dissolve sucrose 85 g. in the filtrate
with the aid of heat and adjust with water to a wt per ml. of 1.33 g.
Dose:
2
to 4
ml. (30 to 60 minims).
Sanguinaria
(B.P.C. 1934, U.S.N.F.). Sanguin.; Bloodroot;
Red Indian Paint; Red Puccoon; Tetterwort.
Dose:
60 to 300 mg. (1 to 5 grains). The dried rhizome of
Sanguinaris canadensis (Papaveraceae). It is sternutatory, has a
slight odour and a persistently acrid taste. Uses. Sanguinaria is a local irritant which, in large doses,
produces nausea and vomiting. It has been used as an expectorant in
chronic bronchitis, usually as a tincture (1 in 10; dose: 1 ml.), but its
value for this purpose is doubtful. It is an ingredient of Compound White
Pine Syrup of the U.S.N.F.
Senega
(B.P.C.).
Seneg.; Senega Root; Seneca Snakeroot;
Rattlesnake Root; Polygala..
The dried root of Polygala senega (Polygalaceae) containing not less than
27% of alcohol (20%)-soluble extractive.
Foreign Pharmacopoeias: In Belg., Chil., Dan.,
Egyp., Fr.,
Ger.
,
Hung., Jap., Jug., Mex., Nor., Span., Steed., and Swiss. Also
in U.S.N.F.
Polygala (Chin, and Jap.} is the dried root of Polygala tenuifolia and
Chinensis (
Ind.
),
Chinensis Root or Indian Senega, is the dried root of P. chinensis; they
are used for the same purposes as senega.
Uses.
Senega contains glycosidal saponins which are not absorbed but irritate
the gastric mucosa and give rise to the reflex secretion of mucus in the
bronchioles. It is used, frequently with other expectorants, in the
treatment of chronic bronchitis.
Concentrated
Infusion of Senega (B.P.C.). Inf. Seneg. Cone. 1
in 2.5; prepared by percolation with alcohol (25%) and made faintly
alkaline by the addition of dilute solution of ammonia.
Dose:
2
to 4
ml. (30 to 60 minims). Infusion of Senega is prepared by diluting 1 vol.
of this concentrated infusion to 8 vol. with water.
Inf.
Seneg. Rec. (B.P.C. 1949). Fresh Infusion of
Senega. Senega 5 g. and boiling water 100 g.,
infused in a covered vessel for 30 minutes and strained.
Dose: 15 to 30 ml. (
� to 1 fl. oz.).
Liquid
Extract of Senega (B.P.C.).
Ext. Seneg. Liq.; Senega Fluidextract (U.S.N.F.).
1 in 1; prepared by percolation with alcohol (60%) and
made faintly alkaline with dilute solution of ammonia.
Dose:
0.3 to 1 ml. (5 to 15 minims).
Senega
Syrup (U.S.N.F.).
Senega fluidextract 20 ml., diluted ammonia
solution 1 ml., syrup to 100 ml.
Usual
dose:
4 ml. (60 minims).
Tincture
of Senega (B.P.C.).
Tinct. Seneg. Liquid extract of senega 20 ml.,
alcohol (60%) to 100 ml.
Dose:
2
to 4
ml. (30 to 60 minims). Egyp. P. and Mex. P.
include a similar tincture.
Squill
(B.P.C., I.P.).
Scilla; White Squill; Scilla: Bulbus (I.P.); Scille; Meerzwiebel; Bulbo de
escila.
Dose:
60 to 200 mg. (1 to 3 grains); I.P. max. single
dose 500 mg. and max. in 24 hours 1 g. The
dried sliced bulb of the white or Mediterranean squill, Urginea maritima
(= U. scilla) (Liliaceae;), with the membranous
outer scales removed, and containing not less than 65% of alcohol
(60%)-soluble extractive. Store in a dry place.
Powdered squill is very hygroscopic and should be stored in a desiccated
atmosphere.
Foreign Pharmacopoeias: In Belg., Chil., Cz.,
Egyp., Fr.,
Ger.
,
Hung., Nor., Span., Swed., and Swiss. In U.S.N.F. which allows also the
bulb of Indian squill, U. indica ( = Urginea,
B.P.C. 1949,). Toxic
Effects. These include nausea and vomiting, violent
purging and collapse. The heart may be slowed owing to vagal stimulation. Antidotes. Empty
stomach by emetic or stomach tube (if copious vomiting has not already
occurred). Keep patient lying down and warm. Give stimulants and
treat collapse. Contra-indications.
It is contra-indicated in renal disease and gastrointestinal irritation.
Uses.
Squill has a digitalis-like action on the heart, but it is not a good
substitute for digitalis because the glycosides it contains are poorly
absorbed from the alimentary tract. It is now seldom employed for this
purpose. Since its action is short and it is rapidly excreted there is
little danger of cumulative poisoning. Squill in small doses, through mild
gastric irritation, produces a reflex secretion from the bronchioles, and
its chief use is as an expectorant in the treatment of cough. It is too
irritating to the bronchial mucous membrane for use in acute bronchitis,
but is of value in chronic bronchitis when secretion is scanty. In larger
doses it has an emetic action. The powdered drug, and extracts made from
it, have been largely used as rat poisons, but red squill is usually
preferred for this purpose.
RAT
POISONING.
During a campaign in Alexandria to poison rats in order to eradicate
plague-carrying fleas, the most effective preparation was the following
tallow bait: white squill 60 g., flour 180 g., tallow 60 g., common salt
500 mg. The ingredients were well mixed with sufficient water and provided
enough for 300 baits. � A. G. Hussein, Bull. World
Hlth Org., 1955, 13, 27.
Compound
Squill Syrup (U.S.N.F.).
Hive Syrup; Coxe's Hive Syrup. Squill fluidextract 8 ml., senega
fluidextract 8 ml., antimony potassium tartrate 200 mg., sucrose 72 g.,
water to 100 ml. Expectorant.
Usual
dose:
2 ml. (30 minims).
Expectorant
Mixture (U.S.N.F.).
Stake's Expectorant. Squill fluidextract 3-5 ml., ammonium carbonate 1-8
g., senega fluidextract 3-5 ml., camphorated opium tincture 17-5 ml.,
water 8-5 ml., tolu balsam syrup to 100 ml.
Usual
dose:
4 ml. (60 minims).
Linct.
Scill. (B.P.C. 1949).
Linctus of Squill. Equal
volumes of oxymel of squill, glycerin, and
syrup.
Dose:
2
to 4
ml. (30 to 60 minims).
Liquid Extract of
Squill (B.P.C.).
Ext. Scill. Liq.; Squill Fluidextract (U.S.N.F.).
1 in 1; prepared by percolation with alcohol (70%).
Dose:
0-03 to 0-2 ml. ( � to 3 minims).
Mist. Expect. Nig. (N.F. 1939). Liquid extract of squill 2 m.,
ammonium carbonate 3� gr., camphorated tincture of opium 15 m., syrup of
tolu 15 m., solution of burnt sugar 7�m., chloroform water to � fl- oz.
Dose:
15 ml. ( � fl. oz.).
Mist. Oxymellis (N.F. 1939). Oxymel of squill 30 m., liquid
extract of ipecacuanha � m - glycerin 20 m., dilute sulphuric acid 4m.,
solution of Bordeaux B 2�m., water to � fl. oz.
Dose: 15 ml. ( � fl- oz-)
Oxymel
of Squill (B.P.C.).
Oxymel Scill.; Acetum Scille Mellitus (Egyp.
P.). Contains the equivalent of 5% w/v of squill in acetic acid, honey,
and water.
Dose:
2
to 4
ml. (30 to 60 minims).
Pil. Scill.
Co.
(B.P.C. 1949).
Compound Pills of Squill. Each contains squill
1 gr., ginger 5/6 gr., ammoniacum 5/6 gr., and
hard soap 3/5 gr., massed with syrup of liquid glucose.
Dose:
1 or 2 pills.
Syrup
of Squill (B.P.C.).
Syr. Scill. Vinegar of squill 45 ml., sucrose
80 g., water to 100 ml.
Dose:
2
to 4
ml. (30 to 60 minims).
Tincture
of Squill (B.P.C., I.P.). Tinct. Scill. 1 in 10; prepared by maceration with
alcohol (60%).
Dose:
0-3 to 2 ml. (5 to 30 minims). A similar tincture is included in several
foreign pharmacopoeias.
Vinegar
of Squill (B.P.C., Egyp.
P., U.S.N.F.).
Acet. Scill. 1 in 10; prepared by maceration with dilute acetic acid.
Dose:
0-6 to 2 ml. (10 to 30 minims).
Red
Squill,
a red variety of Urginea maritima, contains, in addition to cardiac
glycosides, an active principle, scilliroside, which is very toxic to rats
and is incorporated in many rat pastes; it acts on the central nervous
system. A rat paste containing powdered red squill 5 g., sucrose 15 g.,
cornflour 150 g., and sufficient water to form a paste, is described.-in Fr.
P. Scilliroside, the toxic principle for rats in red squill, is
obtained as a crystalline substance; m.p. 168� to 170�, with
decomposition. It is readily soluble in lower alcohols, ethylene glycol,
dioxan, glacial acetic acid; less soluble in
acetone; very slightly soluble in water, hydrocarbons, chloroform, ether,
and ethyl acetate. It acts on the frog heart in a manner similar to
scillaren A, and is a convulsant poison of high toxicity for rodents.�A.
Stoll and J. Renz, Bull. Sci. pharm., 194'J, 47, 65.
Urginea
(B.P.C. 1949).
Urgin.; Indian Squill.
Dose:
60 to 200 mg. (1 to 3 grains). The dried sliced bulb of Indian squill,
Urginea indica (Liliaceae), with the membranous outer scales removed and
containing 20 to 40% of alcohol (60%)-soluble extractive. Store
in a dry place. Powdered urginea is very hygroscopic and should be
stored in a desiccated atmosphere.
Foreign
Pharmacopoeias: In Ind. Squill (U.S.N.F.) is from U. maritima or U.
indica. Uses.
Urginea has similar properties and is used for the same purposes as
squill. It is used in
India
as
a substitute for squill.
White
Pine (B.P.C. 1934, U.S.N.F.).
Pinus Alba; White Pine Bark. The
dried inner bark of the
Weymouth
pine, Pinus strobus (Pinaceae).
Uses.
It is used in conjunction with other medicaments in cough syrups.
Compound
White Pine Syrup (U.S.N.F.). Prepared, by percolation, from white pine 8-5 g.,
wild cherry 8-5 g., aralia 1 g., poplar bud 1
g., Sanguinaria 800 mg., sassafras 1 g., amaranth solution 1 ml.,
chloroform 0-6 ml., sucrose 62-5 g., glycerin 10 ml., alcohol and water to
100 ml.
Usual
dose:
4 ml. (60 minims).
Compound
White Pine Syrup with Codeine (U.S.N.F.). Codeine phosphate 200 mg.,
water 1 ml., compound white pine syrup to 100 ml.
Usual
dose:
4 ml. (60 minims).
Ext.
Pini Alb. Liq. (B.P.C. 1934).
Liquid Extract of White Pine. 1 in 1; prepared
by percolation with alcohol (25%).
Dose:
1 to 4 ml. (15 to 60 minims).
Wild
Cherry Bark (B.P.C.).
Prunus Serotina; Prun. Serot.;
Virginian Prune; Virginian Prune Bark; Wild Black Cherry Bark; Wild Cherry
(U.S.P.).
The
dried bark of the wild or black cherry, Prunus serotina (Rosaceae),
containing not less than 10% of water-soluble extractive. It
contains ( + )-mandelonitrile glycoside
(prunasin) and an enzyme system, which interact in the presence of water
yielding benzaldehyde, hydrogen cyanide, and glucose. Good specimens of
the bark yield 0-075 to 0-16% of HCN. Store in a cool
dry place. Uses.
Wild cherry bark has a mild sedative action. It is administered as Syrup
of Wild Cherry for the relief of cough in bronchitis.
Syrup
of Wild Cherry (B.P.C.).
Syr. Prun. Serot.; Syrup of Virginian Prune.
Prepared from wild cherry bark 15 g., sucrose 80 g., glycerin 5 ml.,
and water to 100 ml. by percolation with the water and dissolving the
sucrose and glycerin in the percolate without the aid of heat. Store
in a cool place.
Dose:
2
to 8
ml. (30 to 120 minims).
Tinct.
Prun. Serot. (B.P.C. 1949).
Tincture of Wild Cherry; Tincture of Virginian Prune.
Wild cherry bark 20 g., alcohol (90%) 55 ml., water 37-5 ml., and glycerin
10 ml. Macerate the bark with the water for 24 hours, add the alcohol and
complete the maceration process, adding the glycerin to the product.
Dose:
2
to 4
ml. (30 to 60 minims).
Wild
Cherry Fluidextract (U.S.N.F.).
1 in 1; prepared by percolation with a mixture of glycerin, water, and
alcohol.
Usual
dose:
2 ml. (30 minims).
Wild
Cherry Syrup (U.S.P.).
Wild cherry bark 15 g., glycerin 15 ml., sucrose 67-5 g., alcohol 2 ml,,
water to 100 ml., prepared similarly to the B.P.C.
syrup
